Psi
Wars Getting to Grips with the
Paranormal
by James Alcock, Jean Burns and Anthony
Freeman, Editors
Imprint Academic, Exeter, UK, 2003
246pp.
ISBN: 0-907845-48-7.
Reviewed by René Stettler
New Gallery Lucerne and The Swiss Biennial
on Science, Technics and Aesthetics
http://www.neugalu.ch
stettler@centralnet.ch
As much as the famous Richard Feynman
aphorism that nobody understands
quantum mechanics one could argue,
as well, that nobody understands
psi.
In a personal introduction titled A
Long Time Coming, Anthony Freeman,
one of the editors of Psi Wars
refers to a rather lengthy process involved
in putting together this collection of
essays at the interface of parapsychology
and mainstream scientific research and
philosophical controversy. An editor with
the internationally acclaimed British
Journal of Consciousness Studies (JCS),
he recalls that, although at times frustrating,
this process was nevertheless a profoundly
critical and reflective one. His editorial
remarks regarding the suspicions and the
mistrust between the protagonists of anomalous
effects and the sceptics, and his long
struggle for a fair and balanced
special issue reminded me of similar situations
in my own experience: this is precisely
what I have encountered when I have been
programming the Swiss Biennial
on Science, Technics and Aesthetics with
proponents and critics from novel fields
like quantum teleportation and consciousness
at the frontiers of contemporary scientific
research. The major challenge when one
is looking for new ways to scrutinize
the potential of relating different discourses
and methodologies in quantum physics and
consciousness studies, or philosophy and
art, for example, it to win academic researchers
interested in public controversy and debatebeyond
of what is normally referred to as the
ivory towers of specialized scientific
knowledge production.
To speak with Ernst Cassirer, Psi Wars
must be welcomed as a vital and important
contribution to our theoretical understanding
of the world because it challenges our
notions and our knowledge of the physical
world. And it does it by offering the
reader a collection of (self)critical
essays from both sides, the parapsychologists
and the sceptics view in the form
of a fair play. Thus, the discussion doesnt
circumvent delicate but yet relevant issues
of the current psi debate such as e.g.
participant fraud or experimenter error,
the so called psi experimenter effect
(experimenters may be a potentially more
significant source of psi); problematic
claims for anomalous events like false
memories; austere arguments against the
longstanding reports for the conventional
psychokinesis hypothesis; or the basic
challenge of replicability, just to mention
a few of this volume.
In his contribution, the parapsycholgist
Matthew D. Smith discusses precisely the
important role of the experimenter in
parapsychology (´successful
psi experimenters tend to have more positive
attitudes towards psi phenomena than unsuccessful
experimenters') investigating the
peculiar experimenter effect
(2003: 72). He considers the phenomenon
from the perspective of how the experimenter
treats his or her participants and parapsychological
variables, and of how the experimenter
may use his or her own psi to influence
the data. This is where Smith sees a major
obstacle that has hindered replication
attempts of psi effects, thus preventing
widespread acceptance of the field within
mainstream science.
As it is discussed in several contributions
in Psi Wars, the major challenge
facing modern parapsychology continues
to be the replicability of psi. Two different
types of psi studies and experiments are
usually referred to in this context: extrasensory
perception (ESP) further classified as
telepathy, clairvoyance, pre- and retrocognition
and psychokinesis (PK). ESP refers
to the transfer of information without
using any known physical mechanism, and
PK means the action of mental intention
on matter without using any known physical
mechanism. Co-editor James E. Alcock (representing
the sceptics side), who addresses
the replicability issue in Give
the Null Hypothesis a Chance, writes:
´ (...) The concept of replicability,
to be useful, implies that researchers
in general, provided that they have the
expertise and equipment, should be able
to reproduce the reported results, and
not just those who are believers and enthusiasts'
adding that ´parapsychologists have
never been able to produce a successful
experiment that neutral scientists, with
the appropiate skill, knowledge and equipment,
can replicate. (...) ' (2003: 35).
Alcock then concludes with the assumption
that the search for psi will go on for
a long time to come because ´I can
think of nothing that would ever persuade
those who pursue it that the Null hypothesis
is probably true' (2003: 49).
Yet, although there seems to be some kind
of definite conclusion at this point other
parts of the volume reveal more tacit
expectations, comparable to those expressed
by Ernst Cassirer more than half a century
ago: He ends Determinism and Indeterminism
in Modern Physics speaking of the
urge to seek ´the full concept
of reality, which requires the cooperation
of all functions of the spirit and that
can only be reached through all of them
together'. This kind of mental search
is manifested in co-editor Jean E. Burns
insight in her article What is Beyond
the Edge of the Known World? in
which she argues that ´if psi were
not such an elusive phenomenon lacking
contemporary known methods by which it
could be reliably (re)produced, it would
probably be accepted as a subject of study
provided that there were a theoretical
structure which could make predictions
about the dependence of psi on physical
parameters' (2003: 25). Burns then
gazes with more or less mild eyes at the
psi researchers claims such as,
for example, remote viewing or psi in
the dream state.
To conclude, one of the major revelations
of Psi Wars is certainly its more
or less subtle concern with what I would
call the heart of an often
circumvented important issue called scientific
methodology. James E. Alcocks
somehow biased
assumption in
support of mainstream sciences ´belief
in the power of the scientific
method to reveal truth in nature'
(2003: 49) may be read in support of what
could well be labelled as a kind of scientific
epistemophilia (Thanks to Michael
Punt who brought this aspect to my view
at the 6th Swiss Biennial on Science,
Technics and Aesthetics). Looking at Psi
Wars from this perspective, it is
not only about the war between parapsychologists
and mainstream science and its methods.
It also reminds us indirectly of the fact
that the objectivist program of the sciences
which cannot itself provide a satisfactory
account of human understanding nor of
the issues requiring such an account like
human language and communication, the
human sciences, or moral and aesthetic
valuesshould grasp the great
opportunity for a change.
It is probably known
that the physicist Wolfgang Pauli (there
are several references in Psi Wars
to his ingenious nevertheless speculative
findings most of them over half
a century old) in correspondence with
the psychologist Carl Gustav Jung raised
the question whether the psychic condition
of the observor might play a crucial role
in the act of perception of reality.
Paulis notion could support, as
I far as I can see it, a major issue in
consciousness research that is emphasized
now even stronger by the public availability
of the psi debate: Subjective mental phenomena
should be taken at least as seriously
as objective physical phenomena. But what
is really needed today in the field of
scientific investigation into consciousness
are ongoing research ideas that include
a change in the ideology and methodology
of contemporary science.
P.S. That the quantum mechanics (the book
offers an incredible number of excellent
physical references) that we have today
could be overcome by something else may
not necessarily be good news for all physicists.
Roger Penrose, recently in the context
of another publication that I currently
edit, sent me his ideas regarding the
possibilities for a change whichI
hopewill support some of the
critical points from above: ´ (...)
It seems to me if you take a realistic
viewwhich I do and John Bell
[the phycisist] didthen, you
are driven to the view that something
must go wrong with quantum mechanics at
some level. Now to me this is not such
a shock because after all quantum mechanics
has only been around for about a hundred
years. That is not so long if you think
of how long Newtonian mechanics is been
around, and how much time it took to realize
that there was a different point of view
needed. So it seems to me that we have
every reason to believe that at some stage
the quantum mechanics that we now have,
which is based on linear evolution,
will be superseded by something else.
It seems to me to be very understandable
that we dont know yet what it is
(...) '.